Category: Electronics

Basic Laws Of Electronics

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Thanks to the physical laws of electronics, circuit analysis is very procedural. This is the second entry in a tutorial in basic electronics. The first entry covered basic electronic concepts such as voltage, current, and power. This session will cover Ohm’s Law, and Kirchhoff’s Laws of voltage and current. These are the fundamental laws needed for circuit analysis and design.

Resistors and Ohm’s Law
Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist that in 1826 experimentally determined most basic laws that relate to voltage and current for a resistor.

Ohm’s law basically states that the resistance of a component (commonly a resistor) is equal to the voltage dropped over the resistor divided by the current going through it.

This law makes it relatively easy to find one of three values: voltage across a resistance, the resistance value itself, or the current flowing through the resistance (as long as the other two values are known).

Nodes, Branches, and Loops
These three concepts must be understood for basic circuit analysis. They help determine if components are in series or parallel and if the components share the same current or have the same voltage drops.

A branch represents a single circuit component such as a resistor or voltage source.

A node is a point where two or more branches connect.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node. Elements that are in series share the same current.

Elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes. Elements in parallel have the same voltage across them.

Kirchhoff’s Laws
The first of Kirchhoff’s Laws is Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL). This law states that the sum of all current entering a node or enclosed area of a circuit is equal to zero. Simply put, current entering a node or area equals the current leaving the node or area.

The second of Kirchhoff’s Laws is Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL). This law states that the sum of all voltages around a closed path or loop is equal to zero. Simply put, the sum of voltage drops equals the sum of voltage rises.

This is found by following the loop in one direction (the direction does not matter). If the positive terminal is hit first, the voltage is added. If the negative terminal is hit first, the voltage is subtracted. Together these values will equal zero.

Once all of the voltages are found, we can start the loop anywhere we want. I find it convenient to start at the negative terminal of a main voltage source. Since we hit a negative terminal first, we subtract it. Now we simply finish the loop and add the voltages together.

This law comes in very handy for analysis.

Basic DC Analysis
By combining Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws, basic DC circuits are relatively easy to analyze. Knowing that all voltages in a loop add up to zero and all currents entering a node, minus currents leaving a node also equals zero, most current and voltage values can be easily obtained.

If a loop contains one voltage source and multiple resistances, voltage division (eq. 1) should be used to find the value of voltage drops across the known resistances. Once the voltage across the known resistance is found, Ohm’s law (eq. 2) can be used to determine the current flowing through the resistance.

Eq.1 Voltage Division:
((voltage source in volts) (resistor of interest in ohms))/(sum of resistance in loop)

Eq.2 Ohm’s Law:
(voltage across a resistance) = (known resistance)(current flowing through resistance)

Keep in mind that resistors in series can be added to give total resistance between two nodes. The total resistance between two nodes that have resistors in parallel is found using eq. 3 below.

Eq. 3 Equivalent Resistance (Req) of Resistors in parallel:
Req = ((resistance in branch 1)(resistance in branch 2)) / (sum of resistances in both branches)

There is much more to be said about DC circuit analysis but most would go beyond the scope of this article. The purpose of this article is to give a basic understanding of the laws and concepts of basic electronics.

Other concepts that make DC circuit analysis easier are current division, mesh analysis, and nodal analysis. These techniques use the rules behind KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law but would require a visual example for thorough explanation.

I hope that this short tutorial has been helpful to anyone who is new to the world of electronics either as a hobbyist or as a technician trying to learn electronics repair.

Aquire Modern Electronic Surveying Equipment

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Presently electronic surveying equipment has turned into an indispensable device throughout the whole construction industry. It is with the utilization of the equipment by which a worker can much more easily determining accurate dimensions in order to be certain that the construction labor being carried out is accomplished properly. Though surveying has been around for many hundreds of years now (both the Egyptians and Romans previously utilizing it to construct their roadways and edifices (pyramids included) it’s in fact very tough to figure out just definitely when it was first started.
All the tools which is now utilized now will be built from three separate mechanisms that are adequate for measure distance, and angles as well as the elevation of an object. But the great part regarding all surveying equipment along with electronic variants is that they’re capable of measuring one or more of the parts we had mentioned previously.
However since the’re so many various pieces of equipment to decide from it could become a little overpowering when an person must to render a choice as to the ones they should get, most certainly if a individual has minimal or no background in surveying. Next we’ll share specification regarding a few of the variants of surveying equipment that are currently in use right now.
1. Electronic Levels
These shoot a beam of infrared light which is is not possible to see to the naked eye and assists to building a an area or great reference elevation and is used in order to get measurements during construction jobs. There are two distinct types of electronic levels that a lot of surveyors are presently using either a single beam or a rotating beam.
The solitary beam projects a light that can either be projected to an additional spot either vertically, horizontally or at a angle. Although the rotating beam furnishes the surveyor with a level of reference covering a certain open area. All these kinds of levels are leveling themselves and will not begin functioning till the tool has straightened itself properly. Plus if at at some point time should the level after being moved or knocked the light is automatically stopped and will only come back on if theequipment straightens itself out.
2. Electronic Distance Measurer’s
Often it is frequently described to as EDMa and are used to precisely measure the length between one point and too the next. This particular section of electronic surveying equipment works through measuring what long it takes the laser to move from the EDM to a prism found at a different place and then sent back to the EDM again. However before the invention of this specific piece of electronic equipment tapes or chains were added in order to provide accurate measurements of the gap between 2 places.
Such to all current electronic surveying equipment they’ll use a computerized system that is capable to collect and recording all of the data gathered out on construction area prior it it being transferred over to a machine and the data is printed. This therefore renders the assignment of the surveyor much easier to execute and will furnish them with accurate readings as well as measuring continually.

Top 5 Drum Machines To Advance Your Music Production Career

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It seems like every industry has tools to help consumers be professionals, and the music industry is no exception. Todays fans have more access to the tools these musicians and producers use to create their craft especially in the world of music loops and drum machines for hip hop — than any generation of fans in the past.

In short, it is now very possible to create professional sounding music loops with drum machines and launch a music production career
with little help from traditional music industry gatekeepers.

1)Beat Thang

Where to start with this product? A drum machine at its most basic, its the only portable, battery powered device that is small and compact enough to be transported in your backpack and capable of recording samples anywhere. Released by Grammy award winning beat maker Dallas Austin and Beat Kangz electronics, Beat Thang is arguably the best bang for your buck on the drum machine / music loop hardware product for music production careerists in the market right now.

Considering Beat Thangs extremely intuitive interface, this drum machine is a great buy for anyone intent on building a thriving music production career.

2)Roland MV 8800

This drum machine offers all you need from song conception to release, including components designed for tracking, mixing, and mastering any and all music loops you design. Perhaps most beneficial is that it comes loaded with Rolands legendary instrument and effects models, all of which can be used to create amazing music loops. Many music production careers have been born out of using it, and theres no reason it cant do the same for your music production career.

3)Akai MPC 2500

Similarly to Roland, Akai is another stalwart brand for those with music production careers, known best for its various high end drum machines.

It comes with less RAM than Beat Thang (128 MB vs. 256), but still has on board effects processors and MIDI connections (in case you wanted to write your own music loops on a MIDI keyboard). Whats cool about this one is that its possible to synchronize samples of different lengths without changing pitch.

4)Korg M3

This synthesizer, while not strictly a drum machine, packs just as much punch as the other items that are more geared towards hip hop and electronic music loops and beats. With so many applications and features that become easier to use as your music production career progresses, the possibilities with the Korg M3 seem endless.

However, while its versatility may be an advantage, the time it takes to learn the drum machine and all of its nuances is a disadvantage. Masterin it is not for the faint of heart, though doing so will do more for your music production career than just learning basics on other music loop software.

5)Fruity Loops

Fruity Loops is standalone software specifically for creating music loops that is installed on a computer, not hardware. But, its nearly a household name because of its ease of use. If youre really just looking for the basics that a cut and paste looping software can offer (for relatively cheap), then Fruity Loops is your best bet. But, dont expect to progress too far in any music production career if thats all you know how to use.

History Of Sony Consumer Electronics

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Apart from looking at simply the corporate world of Sony consumer electronics, there is much more to Sony consumer electronics that makes it a leader in consumer electronics. This innovation comes with Sony not just simply recreating products, but actually inventing new technology.

The name for the electronic company Sony was created by combining “SONUS,” the original Latin for “SONIC,” meaning sound, with “SONNY,” denoting small size, or a youthful boy. It was chosen for its simple pronunciation that is the same in any language. So why is Sony one of the greatest consumer electronic manufacturers?

Since 1946 Sony consumer electronics has been committed to bringing the world the best in technology. Even though Sony consumer electronics has been around for many years, the original Sony consumer electronics was actually called – Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation or more commonly Totsuko. It was only in January 1958 that the company changed its name to Sony Corporation after taking “SONUS,” the original Latin for “SONIC,” meaning sound, with “SONNY,” denoting small size, or a youthful boy. So, the name Sony was used because of its ease of pronunciation in any language!

In May 1960 – Sony consumer electronics was the first company to create the world’s first direct-view portable TV. The TV8-301 the world’s first non-projection-type portable transistor TV set comprised of 23 transistors and 19 diodes, this model was developed based on Sony’s extensive experience in radio technology. In an age when television sets were assumed to be living room fixtures, this device opened the door to personal television use. Additionally, the TV8-301 model offered three choices for power input.

Sony consumer electronics didn’t stop there, in fact Sony actually moved ahead and innovated more and more. In 1967 they invented the world’s first IC radio, and in 1968 Sony brought us the marvelous Sony Trinitron by releasing the KV-1310 to the masses. Sony has been leap years ahead with its electronics in television sets. And the Trinitron technology has filtered through the years, getting better and better to ‘WEGA’. Sony now brings us the Bravia range of high definition television sets. In fact the Sony Trinitron was such a major breakthrough in TV technology that in May 1973, Sony became the first Japanese company to receive an Emmy for developing the Sony Trinitron color TV system.

There are so many new products that Sony consumer electronics has brought us, which we did not have before. The Walkman is probably on of the greatest inventions from Sony. Before Sony consumer electronics invented the portable Walkman, there was no practical way of going for a Jog with music playing. Sony also brought us the world’s first compact disc player also, which is something we see included in our home computer, our HiFi system, and our car!

The Sony Playstation is another breakthrough. The Sony Playstation range has gone from 1 to PS2 to now PS3 and it looks like Sony consumer electronics will continue to make breakthroughs in the console market. The Sony Playstation is not quite a PC, but its specs make it pretty close.

The Reason Why Pawnshops That Buy Electronics Are Popular

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Shopping in pawnshops that buy electronics is starting to become popular. The economy nowadays calls for finding ways to save money as much as possible. Using coupons, buying only during sale are some ways to scrimp on money. And now, shopping in pawnshops is becoming a lot more popular.

Because people are willing to purchase items at pawnshops, pawnshops are keen on acquiring electronics from customers. Common pawned items electronics are television, computer, iPods, DVD players, PSP, mobile phone, digital cameras as well as other game consoles. When pawning these items, bring all the accessories and also the remote controls and chargers. Bring all things that are included in the box. Pawnshop means quick loans. It is very convenient; pawnshop owners and their staff are very friendly and helpful. Besides electronics, pawnshops also buy gold, silver, diamonds, artwork as well as jewelry. Some people even pawn their gold teeth. Gold always gets a high loan value.

Don’t be afraid when dealing with pawnshops. The good thing about pawnshops is they won’t sue you if you fail to pay off your loan. You do not have to worry about collection agencies pestering you in your homes or in workplace. Pawnshop loans are nearly all state-regulated, and ‘finance charges’ may vary from 4 % monthly to 25 % monthly. Some states charge an additional service charge per month. In a number of states, the maximum interest rate is 4 % monthly, and a service charge is up to $10. Do not hesitate to ask the pawnshop if there are terms that you do not understand. Have them explain all of terms with you. You should be able to understand and accept all the fees in the pawn ticket. Pawnshops are regulated by federal laws. Check the website of your state to make sure you’re covered and protected in all your transactions.

If you want to get back your pawned item, make sure to keep your pawn ticket. The pawn ticket contains the maturity date, the item description, interest rate and other terms of the loan. You would not want to pay extra money for a lost ticket. Keep it in a safe place. Note the due date of your loan. Better to mark it on your calendar. If you have the money days before the due date, do not wait until the last day of claiming your item, pay back your loan as soon as possible. You will also save on interest rate by doing so. If it is a family heirloom, the more you need to be mindful of your loan details.

Even though you think that your item has a high value, you might not get the expected loan amount. This is because the pawnshop takes into consideration different factors when computing for the loan amount. After all, pawnshop is a business just like every other establishment. They also need to protect themselves. If there is a surplus of similar items in the pawnshop, it may lower the loan amount because they will have a difficulty disposing the items. The usual loan period is 120 days. Some pawnshops loan about a third of the amount they think they’ll get when they sell it.

Owners of pawnshops that buy electronics hire well trained staff. They keep up with the trends and the market trends. It is prerogative for them to know the resell value of the items. Those staff with years of experience are already equipped with the skill and sense of the items’ worth. Amateur staff relies on books, but experienced ones also rely on other pawnbrokers.